Lace, from its very origins, has been a symbol of wealth and power, an indispensable item that adorned the attire of courtly gentlemen and ladies, and a competition of "elegant beauty." There were even countries that, for the sake of national interest, incorporated the techniques of other nations and established a lace industry. Distinctive techniques emerged in various regions of Europe, and the distribution of lace itself accompanied the spread of technology, leading to the complex use of various techniques in a single lace artwork. Historically and technically, "lace" is very profound, and accurate analysis of production information and the types of techniques used in vintage lace pieces is beyond the capabilities of amateurs. With that in mind, a minimum explanation is attempted as follows: ■ Estimated Information - Main Techniques • Base → Cutwork ❷ • Openwork → Drawn thread work ❷❸ • Decorative elements → Needlework ❸❹❺ - Production Process ❶ Draw a design on the fabric ❷ → Cut out the fabric along the design ❸ → Closely apply buttonhole stitch to the cut outline ❹ → Create bridges to connect the parts ❺ → Weave the edging - Production Location: Somewhere in Europe * (?) The high density of the buttonhole stitch, the satin stitch applied around the edges, and the spiral patterns are characteristic of a composite technique work classified under the category of whitework embroidery, and it is thought to be similar to French Richelieu lace, so France is a likely production location * (?). Purchase location: Switzerland/French-speaking region. - Production Period: Early 20th century - Material: Linen - *: Handmade + partial machine processing - Size: Diameter 62 + edging 3.5 (cm) - Condition of the Item: Relatively well-preserved Unused, with creases due to long-term storage. Thank you for viewing.