Due to being cut, the overall condition is listed as poor. Unless otherwise noted, there are no writings or missing pages. There may be some paper folds or tears that do not interfere with scanning. Also, while scanning and digitizing often makes the text easier to read, older books may have age-related deterioration such as yellowing of the paper. On the other hand, newer books may have been cut from new copies. "Cut" means that the spine of the book has been cut to separate all the pages into a "bundle of paper" for the purpose of creating electronic files such as PDFs. Turning a book with a spine into a "bundle of paper" is done to make it easier to scan with a document scanner specialized for continuous reading of large amounts of documents. Once scanned and converted into electronic files such as PDFs, they can be read on tablets and computers. You can search for "book self-scanning" to understand more. Covers and obi (paper bands) may not be cut if they fit within the scanner's reading width (216mm). Large-format books exceeding A4 size will have their covers cut to match the scanner's reading width. In any case, the paper is in a condition that is not suitable for reading, so please refrain from purchasing if you do not intend to digitize it. "Principles for Navigating Big Debt Crises: Why Nations Succeed and Fail" Ray Dalio / Kiyomi Saito Price: ¥4400 #RayDalio #KiyomiSaito #book #society/economy-finance